Study Reveals Latest Evidence That Prejudice Causes the Perception of Threat

WELLESLEY, Mass.--When people feel or act negatively toward a group, they may explain their feelings or behavior by saying, “I felt threatened.” However, new research reveals how easily people can be conditioned to feel prejudice -- and that unrecognized prejudice can be the source of a perceived threat. The study by Angela Bahns, a social psychologist and professor at Wellesley College, is published this month in the journal Group Processes and Intergroup Relations.

To examine whether prejudice causes threat perception, Professor Bahns conducted a series of experiments that conditioned participants (325 in total, of mixed backgrounds and ages) to feel negatively or positively toward unfamiliar social groups. As a cover story, the participants were told that the study was about attention and vigilance and were instructed to push the spacebar whenever a designated country appeared on the screen.

First, participants were shown the name of a country alongside either positive or negative images and words. The participants were then asked to rate their feelings toward each country. Next, the participants were asked to rate how much of a threat immigrants from those countries posed to the jobs, safety, values, and personal freedoms of Americans, and also to rate the groups on stereotype traits--whether they were untrustworthy, threatening, violent, or dangerous.

Although the participants were initially unfamiliar with the target countries, Bahns found that participants evaluated those countries associated with negative images and words more negatively compared to countries associated with positive stimuli. Furthermore, the creation of these negative associations caused newly perceived threats to emerge. When a country was associated with negative stimuli, its inhabitants were rated as more threatening compared to when a country was associated with positive stimuli.

“Across three experiments I created new prejudices--negative affective associations with unfamiliar social groups--and found that perceived threat emerged as a result,” said Professor Bahns. “Despite the procedural differences, there was a consistent pattern of results: When the country was associated with negative affect (and no threat-related information was available to contest the threat perception) its inhabitants were perceived to be more threatening.”

Bahns’ research suggests that unrecognized prejudice can trigger the feeling of being threatened immediately upon seeing a member of a disliked group and also after the fact -- as a way to justify negative emotions and behavior. “It’s a balancing system used to maintain a positive view of ourselves and not see ourselves as biased. Threat perception serves as a justification for why we might not like someone. When it’s working in this way, we don’t even see it as prejudice.”

Bahns hopes that these findings will lead to greater awareness of how threat perception can be used as a way to explain the experience of prejudice, rather than forming the source of the prejudice itself. “Most people recognize that prejudice is wrong and want to avoid it. But in order to reduce prejudice we have to first admit it’s there.”

Does becoming aware of one's prejudices lead to a change in behavior? Bahns says that while more research is needed, it’s possible: “If unrecognized prejudice makes a group seem threatening, people may behave more aggressively as a response. However, if people become aware of their prejudice and realize that the threat is not real, we can expect a change in behavior too -- meaning in this instance, less aggression.”